【音频+中英文稿】【辩论式评判】历史vs.亨利八世

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　　He was a powerful king whose break with the church of Rome

　　他是一位强大的国王，他和罗马教廷的分家，

　　would forever change the course of English history.

　　永远改变了英国历史的轨道。

　　But was he a charismatic reformer or a bullying tyrant?

　　但，他是迷人的改革者，还是霸道的暴君？

　　Find out on History versus Henry VIII.

　　“历史 vs.亨利八世”带大家找出答案。

　　Judge: Order, order. Now, who do we have here? Looks like quite the dashing fellow.

　　法官：秩序，秩序。看看这是谁。看来是个相当时髦的家伙。

　　Defense: Indeed, your honour. This is Henry VIII, the acclaimed king

　　辩方：的确，庭上。这位是亨利八世，受到赞扬的国王，

　　who reformed England's religion and government

　　他改革了英国的宗教和政府，

　　and set it on course to becoming a modern nation.

　　让英国步上成为现代国家的轨道。

　　Prosecutor: I beg to differ. This is a cruel, impulsive, and extravagant king

　　控方：恕我不能同意。这是一位残酷、冲动、奢侈的国王

　　who had as little regard for his people as he did for his six wives.

　　他对人民的忽视，就像他对六位妻子的忽视一样。

　　Judge: Six wives?

　　法官：六位妻子？

　　Defense: Your honor, Henry's first marriage was arranged for him

　　辩方：庭上，亨利的第一次婚姻

　　when he was only a child.

　　是他小时候就被安排好的。

　　He only married Catherine of Aragon to strengthen England’s alliance with Spain.

　　他娶了阿拉贡的凯瑟琳，只是为了强化英国和西班牙的联盟。

　　Prosecutor: An alliance he was willing to toss aside with no regard for the nation.

　　控方：他完全不考量国家，就可以把这个联姻丢到一边。

　　Defense: Henry had every regard for the nation.

　　辩方：亨利总是为国家考量。

　　It was imperative to secure the Tudor dynasty by producing a male heir –

　　为了要保住都铎王朝，生出男性后裔是非常要紧的——

　　something Catherine failed to do in over twenty years of marriage.

　　在超过二十年的婚姻中，凯瑟琳都没有做到。

　　Prosecutor: It takes two to make an heir, your honor.

　　控方：要两个人才能生出后裔，庭上。

　　Defense: Ahem. Regardless, England needed a new queen to ensure stability,

　　辩方：嗯哼。不论如何，英国需要一个新皇后来确保国家稳定，

　　but the Pope refused to annul the union and let the king remarry.

　　但教皇拒绝废除他们的婚姻来让国王再婚。

　　Judge: Sounds like quite a pickle. Can’t argue with the Pope.

　　法官：听起来是个困境。不能和教皇争。

　　Prosecutor: And yet that’s exactly what the king decided to do.

　　控方：但国王就打算这么做。

　　He uprooted the country’s religious foundations

　　他直接根除了国家的宗教基础，

　　and broke the Church of England away from Rome,

　　将英国教廷和罗马分离，

　　leading to centuries of strife.

　　导致了数世纪的争斗。

　　Defense: All Henry did was give the Church honest domestic leadership.

　　辩方：亨利做的只是给予教廷正当取得的国内领导权

　　He freed his subjects from the corrupt Roman Catholic establishment.

　　他让国民脱离腐败的罗马天主教体制。

　　And by rejecting the more radical changes of the Protestant reformation,

　　还经由拒绝更极端的新教改革，

　　he allowed his people to preserve most of their religious traditions.

　　让人民能保有大部分的宗教传统。

　　Prosecutor: Objection! The Church had been a beloved and popular institution

　　控方：抗议！教廷一直是备受爱戴和欢迎的机构，

　　that brought comfort and charity to the masses.

　　将安慰与慈悲带给大众。

　　Thanks to Henry, church property was seized;

　　因为亨利的关系，教堂资产被扣押，医院关闭，

　　hospitals closed, and precious monastic libraries lost forever,

　　珍贵的修道院图书馆永远不再，

　　all to enrich the Crown.

　　都是为了满足君王。

　　Defense: Some of the funds were used to build new cathedrals

　　辩方：有一些基金被用来建立新的大教堂，

　　and open secular schools.

　　开办非宗教的学校。

　　And it was necessary for England to bring its affairs

　　英国的确需要从罗马手上

　　under its own control rather than Rome’s.

　　拿回英国事务的控制权。

　　Prosecutor: You mean under Henry’s control.

　　控方：你是指拿回来给亨利控制。

　　Defense: Not true. All of the king’s major reforms went through Parliament.

　　辩方：不是的。国王的所有改革都经过国会。

　　No other country of the time allowed its people such a say in government.

　　当时没有其他国家在治理上会允许其人民有这种发言权。

　　Prosecutor: He used Parliament as a rubber stamp for his own personal will.

　　控方：他依自己的意思，把国会当作橡皮图章来使用。

　　Meanwhile he ruled like a tyrant, executing those he suspected of disloyalty.

　　同时，他的统治方式就像暴君一样，忠诚度被他怀疑的人就会被处决。

　　Among his victims were the great statesman and philosopher Thomas More

　　他手下的受害者包括伟大的政治家兼哲学家汤玛斯摩尔

　　– once his close friend and advisor –

　　——曾经是他的好朋友及顾问——

　　and Anne Boleyn, the new queen Henry had torn the country apart to marry.

　　以及安宝琳，她是亨利不惜让国家四分五裂也要娶到的新皇后。

　　Judge: He executed his own wife?

　　法官：他处决了他自己的妻子？

　　Defense: That…wasn’t King Henry’s initiative.

　　辩方：那……并不是亨利国王主导的。

　　She was accused of treason in a power struggle with the King’s minister, Thomas Cromwell.

　　她是在和国王的大臣汤玛斯克伦威尔的权力斗争中被控叛国。

　　Prosecutor: The trial was a sham

　　控方：那审判是场骗局，

　　and she wouldn’t have been convicted without Henry’s approval.

　　且若没有亨利的核准，她不可能会被定罪。

　　Besides, he wasn’t too upset by the outcome -

　　此外，他对于结果并没有感到太沮丧——

　　he married Jane Seymour just 11 days later!

　　才十一天后，他又娶了珍西摩儿！

　　Defense: A marriage that, I note, succeeded in producing a male heir

　　辩方：我要注明，这场婚姻成功产生了男性后裔，

　　and guaranteeing a stable succession…

　　确保能够有稳定的继承……

　　though the new queen tragically died in childbirth.

　　不过，很不幸地，新皇后在生孩子时过世。

　　Prosecutor: This tragedy didn’t deter him

　　控方：这场悲剧并没有阻止

　　from an ill conceived fourth marriage to Anne of Cleves,

　　他迎娶克里维斯的安妮，完成计划不周的第四次婚姻，

　　which Henry then annulled on a whim and used as an excuse to execute Cromwell.

　　后来他一念之间废除了这次婚姻，用它来当借口，处决了克伦威尔。

　　As if that weren’t enough, he then married Catherine Howard

　　好像这样还不够，他接着又娶了凯萨琳霍华德

　　– a cousin of Anne Boleyn – before having her executed too.

　　——安宝琳的表亲——之后也把她处决了。

　　Defense: She was engaged in adultery to which she confessed!

　　辩方：她犯了通奸罪，且她也承认了！

　　Regardless, Henry’s final marriage to Catherine Parr

　　总之，亨利又娶了凯萨琳帕尔，

　　was actually very successful.

　　这最后一次婚姻是非常成功的。

　　Prosecutor: His sixth! It only goes to show he was an intemperate king

　　控方：他的第六次！这只显示出他是个不懂节制的国王，

　　who allowed faction and intrigue to rule his court,

　　允许他的朝廷中有派系斗争和阴谋策划，

　　concerned only with his own pleasure and grandiosity.

　　只关心他自己的享乐和浮夸。

　　Defense: That grandiosity was part of the king’s role as a model for his people.

　　辩方：国王要扮演人民的模范，而那浮夸只是角色的一部分。

　　He was a learned scholar and musician who generously patronized the arts,

　　他是位有学问的学者和音乐家，大方地赞助艺术，

　　as well as being an imposing warrior and sportsman.

　　同时还是位气势宏伟的战士和运动员。

　　And the lavish tournaments he hosted

　　而他非常慷慨主办的竞赛，

　　enhanced England’s reputation on the world stage.

　　让英国在世界舞台的名声更响亮。

　　Prosecutor: And yet both his foreign and domestic policies were a disaster.

　　控方：可是他的国外和国内政策都是一塌糊涂。

　　His campaigns in France and his brutal invasion of Scotland drained the treasury,

　　他在法国的战役及对苏格兰的野蛮入侵，让国库透支，

　　and his attempt to pay for it by debasing the coinage led to constant inflation.

　　他尝试图支付债务的方式是让货币贬值，导致常态性通货膨胀。

　　The lords and landowners responded by removing access to common pastures

　　领主和地主的因应方式是不再开放公有牧地，

　　and turning the peasant population into beggars.

　　让农夫变成乞丐。

　　Defense: Beggars who would soon become yeomen farmers.

　　辩方：乞丐很快就会变成自耕农。

　　The enclosures made farming more efficient, and created a labor surplus

　　圈围的做法让农耕变得更有效，劳动力有剩余，

　　that laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution.

　　为工业革命奠定了基础。

　　England would never have become the great power that it did without them

　　英国之所以能变成后来那样的强权，

　　…and without Henry.

　　靠的就是他们以及亨利。

　　Judge: Well, I think no matter what,

　　法官：嗯，我想，不论如何，

　　we can all agree he looks great in that portrait.

　　我们都能同意他在画像上十分好看。

　　A devout believer who broke with the Church.

　　和教廷分离的虔诚信徒。

　　A man of learning who executed scholars.

　　处决学者的知识分子。

　　A king who brought stability to the throne,

　　让王位稳定下来，

　　but used it to promote his own glory,

　　却用它来促成自身荣耀的国王，

　　Henry VIII embodied all the contradictions of monarchy

　　在现代的边缘，亨利八世体现了

　　on the verge of the modern era.

　　君主政治的所有矛盾。

　　But separating the ruler from the myth is all part of putting history on trial.

　　但将统治者和神话分开来，本来就是让历史接受审判的一部分。

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